Pixel Defect Taxonomy: Dead vs Stuck vs Hot Pixels
Modern LCD and OLED panels consist of millions of pixels, each containing three independent sub-pixels: Red, Green, and Blue.

- Dead Pixel (Type 2 Defect): A transistor that receives zero electrical current. Appears as a permanent dark black dot on white, red, green, and blue backgrounds.
- Stuck Pixel (Type 1 Defect): A liquid crystal cell locked in an open state. Appears as a bright red, green, blue, or magenta dot on black backgrounds.
- Hot Pixel: All three sub-pixels permanently stuck 'on', creating a bright white dot on completely dark screens.
ISO 9241-307 Manufacturer Pixel Defect Classes
| ISO Defect Class | Type 1 (Hot Pixels) | Type 2 (Dead Pixels) | Type 3 (Stuck Sub-Pixels) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class 0 (Zero Tolerance) | 0 per 1M px | 0 per 1M px | 0 per 1M px |
| Class 1 (Premium Panels) | 1 per 1M px | 1 per 1M px | 2 per 1M px |
| Class 2 (Standard Gaming) | 2 per 1M px | 2 per 1M px | 5 per 1M px |
| Class 3 (Budget Displays) | 5 per 1M px | 15 per 1M px | 50 per 1M px |